Oral, thyroid and head–neck
Oral, thyroid and head–neck: read practical guides to symptoms, assessment, treatment options and when to seek care.
Explore oral, thyroid and head–neck care →
Adult neck lump: when does it need urgent assessment?
Learn when an adult neck lump needs prompt ENT assessment, which red flags matter, and how examination, ultrasound, CT and FNA establish the cause.
Read article →OralAphthous ulcers (canker sores)
Small painful ulcers inside the mouth usually heal on their own within one to two weeks.
Read article →OralOral leukoplakia: why a white patch needs assessment
A persistent white patch that does not rub off may be leukoplakia; some lesions contain precancerous changes.
Read article →OralOral candidiasis (oral thrush)
Candida overgrowth may cause white coating, soreness, altered taste or cracks at the mouth corners.
Read article →CancerOral cancer: warning signs not to ignore
Earlier diagnosis of cancer of the mouth, tongue, gums or lips can improve treatment options.
Read article →ThyroidGoitre: causes of thyroid enlargement
A goitre is an enlarged thyroid gland; thyroid hormone levels may be normal, high or low.
Read article →CancerThyroid cancer: from nodule to diagnosis
Most thyroid nodules are not cancer, but ultrasound and selected FNAC help assess risk.
Read article →CancerLaryngeal cancer: hoarseness and warning signs
Persistent hoarseness is a common early sign of voice-box cancer; tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors.
Read article →These articles provide general patient education and do not replace individual diagnosis or care. Seek prompt help for breathing difficulty, sudden hearing loss or other urgent symptoms.